UTERINE CANCER
Gynae cancers represent 32% of all reported cancers in India. While uterine cancer, or cancer of the womb, is less prevalent compared to other gynae cancers, the numbers have been on the rise as of 2022. According to the latest estimates by the World Health Organisation (WHO), over 35 million new cancer cases are predicted in 2050, marking a 77% increase from the estimated 20 million cases in 2022. Uterine cancer is a cause of concern because the condition tends to cause infertility. Can uterine cancer cause infertility? How can it be managed?
Keep reading this article to learn more.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What is Uterine Cancer?
Uterine cancer, also known as womb cancer, is a condition characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the uterus. The female reproductive system comprises several crucial structures, each with a unique role in the reproductive process. The ovaries contain eggs, or ova, which are released periodically during the menstrual cycle. These eggs travel through the fallopian tubes, which serve as a conduit from the ovaries to the uterus. The uterus itself is an elastic, bag-like structure where the embryo implants and develops into a baby during pregnancy. The cervix, acting as the neck of the uterus, connects the uterus to the vagina, which is the female copulatory organ and birth canal. The vulva includes the external genital organs, completing the reproductive system. Uterine cancer, over a period of time, develops in the uterus.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different types of uterine cancer?
In uterine cancer, the normal process of cell growth and division in the uterus is disrupted, leading to tumour formation. This can interfere with the uterus’s reproductive functions, making uterine cancer a significant health concern. There are two primary types of uterine cancers:
- Endometrial Cancer: This type of cancer develops in the endometrial lining of the uterus.
- Uterine Sarcoma: This rare type of cancer develops in the myometrium, the muscle wall of the uterus.
Endometrial cancer is a type of uterine cancer, specifically one that starts in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). Uterine cancer is a broader term that includes endometrial cancer and other types such as uterine sarcoma. Therefore, while all endometrial cancers are uterine cancers, not all uterine cancers are endometrial cancers.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different signs and symptoms of uterine cancer?
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of uterine cancer early is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Here are some common symptoms to be aware of:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge: The bleeding may occur between periods, after menopause, or as unusually heavy menstrual periods. The discharge can vary in consistency and color, sometimes being watery or blood-tinged.
- Persistent pain or a feeling of pressure in the pelvic area
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Sudden and unexplained weight loss
- Painful urination or difficulty urinating
While these symptoms can also be indicative of other conditions, it’s important to rule out uterine cancer as a potential cause.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">Experiencing unusual pain during sex? Click here to book a Pap smear test.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different stages of uterine cancer?
Understanding the stages and grades of uterine cancer is essential for determining the appropriate treatment plan. The stages of uterine cancer range from I to IV, with stage I being the least advanced and stage IV being the most advanced.
- Stage I: Cancer is confined to the uterus.
- Stage II: Cancer has spread to the cervix but not beyond the uterus.
- Stage III: Cancer has spread beyond the uterus but remains within the pelvic area.
- Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the bladder, bowel, or beyond the pelvic region.
The grade of cancer refers to how much the cancer cells differ from healthy cells. Low-grade cancers resemble normal cells and tend to grow slowly, while high-grade cancers look more abnormal and can grow quickly.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">Are you having unusual pelvic pain? Tiredness or a loss of appetite?
Don’t be concerned! Early testing and screening provide the necessary answers. But, even if you face these difficulties, CancerMitr is here to help you navigate the path from disease discovery to recovery. To learn more about our services, please visit our website.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">How is uterine cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosing uterine cancer involves several crucial steps that help healthcare professionals accurately detect and assess the presence of cancerous cells. Early and precise diagnosis is key to developing an effective treatment plan. Here are the primary steps involved in diagnosing uterine cancer:
- Medical History and Physical Exam: The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough review of the patient’s medical history. The doctor will inquire about any symptoms, risk factors, and family history of cancer. Following this, a physical exam is conducted, including a pelvic exam, to check for any abnormalities in the reproductive organs.
- Imaging Tests: Advanced imaging techniques are employed to obtain detailed images of the uterus and surrounding areas. Common imaging tests include:
- Ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create images of the uterus and can help detect tumors or other abnormalities.
- CT Scans (Computed Tomography): CT scans provide cross-sectional images of the body, offering detailed information about the size, shape, and location of any tumors.
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the uterus and surrounding tissues, helping to determine the extent of the cancer.
- Biopsy: A biopsy is a critical step in diagnosing uterine cancer. During this procedure, a sample of the endometrial tissue (lining of the uterus) is taken and examined under a microscope to check for cancerous cells. This can be done in several ways:
- Endometrial Biopsy: A thin tube is inserted through the cervix to collect a tissue sample from the endometrium.
- Dilation and Curettage (D&C): This procedure involves dilating the cervix and using a surgical instrument to scrape tissue from the uterine lining for examination.
- Hysteroscopy: In this procedure, a thin, lighted tube called a hysteroscope is inserted into the uterus through the vagina and cervix. This allows the doctor to visually inspect the inside of the uterus for any abnormalities or suspicious areas. If any abnormal tissue is found, a biopsy can be performed simultaneously.
Accurate diagnosis is essential for developing an effective treatment plan tailored to the individual patient’s needs.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different treatment methods for uterine cancer?
The treatment of uterine cancer is tailored to each patient based on several factors, including the stage and grade of the cancer, the patient’s overall health, and personal preferences. Here are the common treatment options for uterine cancer:
- Surgery: Surgery is the most common and often the first line of treatment for uterine cancer. The primary surgical procedure is a hysterectomy, which involves the removal of the uterus. Depending on the extent of the cancer, surgery may also include:
- Total Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus and cervix.
- Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy: Removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes.
- Radical Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues, often including nearby lymph nodes.
- Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. It can be administered in two main ways:
- External Beam Radiation: Radiation is delivered from a machine outside the body, targeting the cancerous area.
- Brachytherapy (Internal Radiation): A radioactive source is placed inside the body, near the cancer site, allowing for a higher dose of radiation to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It is commonly used when cancer has spread beyond the uterus or if there is a high risk of recurrence. Chemotherapy can be administered orally or intravenously and often involves a combination of drugs to increase its effectiveness.
- Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is used to slow the growth of certain types of uterine cancer that are hormone-sensitive. This treatment involves the use of hormones or hormone-blocking drugs, such as:
- Progestins: Synthetic forms of the hormone progesterone.
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists: Drugs that lower estrogen levels in the body.
- Aromatase Inhibitors: Drugs that reduce the amount of estrogen the body produces.
- Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy involves the use of drugs designed to specifically target and inhibit the growth and spread of cancer cells by interfering with specific molecules involved in tumor growth. These therapies can be particularly effective for cancers with specific genetic mutations or molecular markers. Examples include:
- Monoclonal Antibodies: Drugs that target specific proteins on the surface of cancer cells.
- Kinase Inhibitors: Drugs that block enzymes involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.
Each treatment option has its benefits and potential side effects, and the choice of treatment depends on the individual patient’s circumstances. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including gynecologic oncologists, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists, will work together to develop a personalized treatment plan.
<span data-metadata="">Unusual abdominal pain? Vaginal bleeding. Don't ignore it!
Book a test now!
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different side effects of uterine cancer treatment?
Like other cancer treatments, the process of treating uterine cancer can lead to various side effects, which can vary depending on the type and extent of treatment. Common side effects include:
- Fatigue
- Nausea and vomiting
- Hair loss
- Loss of appetite
- Skin irritation
- Changes in bowel habits
- Sexual dysfunction
- Infertility
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the supportive therapies provided to uterine cancer patients?
Supportive therapies can help manage the side effects of cancer treatment and improve the quality of life for patients. One of the biggest concerns about the uterine cancer treatment process is how it can potentially lead to infertility. Treatments such as surgery (hysterectomy) and radiation therapy can result in infertility by removing or damaging the reproductive organs. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy can also affect fertility, although the extent varies depending on the drugs used and the patient’s age. For women who wish to preserve their fertility, it is crucial to discuss options with their healthcare provider before starting treatment. Options may include:
- Fertility-Sparing Surgery: In some cases, less extensive surgery may be an option, like a hysteroscopic tumor resection, followed by oral progestins and/or levonorgestrel intrauterine device.
- Egg or Embryo Freezing: Eggs or embryos can be harvested and frozen for future use, and women can opt for surrogacy.
- Ovarian Transposition: This surgical procedure moves the ovaries out of the radiation field.
Other supportive therapies include:
- Pain Management: Effective pain management is essential for maintaining comfort and quality of life. Various methods can be employed to control pain:
- Medications: Pain relief can be achieved through oral medications, transdermal patches, or intravenous drugs tailored to the patient’s needs.
- Non-Pharmacological Techniques: Techniques such as hot and cold therapy, acupuncture, and acupressure can provide additional relief. These methods can be particularly beneficial when used in conjunction with traditional pain medications.
- Nutritional Support: Proper nutrition is vital during cancer treatment to maintain strength and support the body’s healing process. Registered dietitians can provide personalized dietary advice to ensure patients receive the nutrients they need. This may include tailored meal plans to address specific nutritional deficiencies or challenges, such as loss of appetite or difficulty swallowing.
- Psychological Support: The emotional impact of a cancer diagnosis can be profound, and addressing psychological well-being is a critical component of comprehensive care. Individual or group counseling sessions with licensed therapists can help patients process their emotions, manage stress, and develop coping strategies.
- Support Groups: Joining support groups allows patients to connect with others who are experiencing similar challenges, providing a sense of community and shared understanding.
- Physical Therapy: Maintaining physical strength and mobility is important for overall health and recovery. Physical therapists can design exercise programs tailored to the patient’s capabilities and treatment stage. These exercises can help preserve muscle strength, improve flexibility, and enhance overall mobility.
- Activities: Engaging in regular physical activities, even gentle ones like walking or stretching, can boost energy levels and improve mood.
- Complementary Therapies: Integrating complementary therapies can help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.
- Acupuncture: This traditional Chinese medicine technique involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain and reduce symptoms such as nausea.
- Massage Therapy: Therapeutic massage can help alleviate pain, reduce stress, and improve circulation.
- Meditation and Mindfulness: Practices like meditation, yoga, and mindfulness can help patients manage stress, improve mental clarity, and promote relaxation.
Incorporating these supportive care strategies into the treatment plan for uterine cancer can significantly enhance the patient’s overall experience and quality of life.
What lifestyle changes and follow-up care should uterine cancer patients make?
After treatment, it is essential for uterine cancer patients to make certain lifestyle changes and adhere to follow-up care to ensure the best possible outcome. These may include:
- Regular Medical Check-Ups: Follow-up appointments with your healthcare provider are crucial to monitor for any signs of recurrence and manage any ongoing side effects.
- Monitoring for Symptoms: Being aware of any new or unusual symptoms and reporting them to your doctor promptly.
- Healthy Diet and Exercise: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help support recovery and overall health. Physical activity can help improve strength, reduce fatigue, and enhance mood.
In addition to all this, substances like tobacco and alcohol can interfere with recovery and increase the risk of cancer recurrence.
In conclusion,
Uterine cancer, while less common than some other types of cancer, is a significant concern due to its rising prevalence and potential to cause infertility. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. By understanding the signs and symptoms, stages and grades, and treatment options, patients can take an active role in their care. Additionally, supportive therapies and lifestyle changes can help manage side effects and improve quality of life. If you or someone you know is facing uterine cancer, it is important to seek medical advice and support to navigate this challenging journey.