Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most reported cancers in India, particularly amongst the male population. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) reveals that lung cancer mercilessly claims 9.3% of all reported deaths, painting a stark picture of its lethal impact.
It is universally known that excessive smoking habits cause cancer, notably lung cancer. However, there is another silent perpetrator that lurks in the very air we breathe—air pollution. Beyond the individual choices that contribute to this affliction, the insidious role of airborne pollutants such as carbon monoxide, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sulphur dioxide cannot be ignored. These environmental villains insidiously trigger abnormal cell division within the delicate structure of the lungs, fostering a breeding ground for the tumour.
As we navigate the modern world, our respiratory systems bear the brunt of prolonged exposure to these insidious carcinogens. The consequence is a staggering rise in lung cancer cases, exacerbating the already alarming mortality rates. What is lung cancer? Bookmark this article to learn more about this disease.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is a condition where the abnormal cells in the lungs divide uncontrollably and form a lump of tissue called a tumour, which can invade and spread to other body parts, including the brain. When the cancer spreads from one part of the human body to another, the condition is called metastasis.
Human lungs are a pair of sponge-like organs that are triangular in shape. The left lung is small in size when compared to the right lung because it leaves space for the heart. It has parts such as the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Lungs play the crucial role of gas exchange; where the oxygen that enters the lungs is transported into the bloodstream and the carbon dioxide is transported from the bloodstream and breathed out of the lungs.
In the face of such a perilous intrusion into the very essence of life, the narrative of lung cancer unfolds, urging us to comprehend the gravity of its impact on the delicate equilibrium of our existence.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">Where does lung cancer start?
The respiratory system is a complex network responsible for the exchange of gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the body and the environment. The process begins when a person breathes, drawing air into the lungs through the trachea, also known as the windpipe. This trachea then branches into smaller tubes called bronchi, which penetrate the lungs and further subdivide into smaller bronchi.
The bronchi continue to branch into even smaller structures known as bronchioles. These bronchioles, resembling intricate tree branches, culminate in tiny, grape-like sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are the critical sites where the exchange of gases occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses across the alveolar walls into the bloodstream, where it binds with red blood cells for transport to various parts of the body. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by the body’s cells, is released from the bloodstream into the alveoli and expelled from the lungs during exhalation.
Lung cancer can show up in any of these regions of the respiratory system. The type of lung cancer is typically named based on the specific area where the abnormal cell growth originates. Given the intricate nature of the respiratory system and the vital role it plays in sustaining life, disruptions such as those caused by lung cancer can have profound consequences on an individual’s health and well-being. Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial in managing and improving outcomes for individuals diagnosed with lung cancer.
Also read: A comprehensive guide to breast cancer
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different types of lung cancer?
Lung cancer is a diverse and complex disease that is categorized into two main types: small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC): SCLC, also known as oat cell cancer, constitutes a smaller proportion of lung cancers, accounting for 10-15% of reported cases. It is characterized by its aggressive nature, with a tendency to rapidly divide and spread. Often, by the time SCLC is diagnosed, it has already metastasized beyond the lungs. Despite its aggressiveness, SCLC is responsive to chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy due to its rapid growth.
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): The majority (80-85%) of lung cancer cases fall into the category of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is further divided into three main types:
- Adenocarcinoma of the Lungs: This type starts in the cells that secrete substances like mucous. Adenocarcinoma is more prevalent in non-smokers, women, and younger individuals. Subtypes such as adenocarcinoma in situ or bronchioloalveolar carcinoma have better survival rates with appropriate treatment.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lungs: Originating in the flat cells lining the airway’s interior, squamous cells, this type is strongly associated with smoking. Studies suggest that smoking is a significant factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma.
- Large Cell Carcinoma: Large cell carcinoma is an aggressive cancer that can appear in any part of the lungs. Its rapid growth and spread make it challenging to treat. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a subset of large cell carcinoma and shares its fast-growing nature.
Other Lung Tumours
– Carcinoid lung tumours, accounting for at least 5% of cases, are found in neuroendocrine epithelial cells.
– Conditions like adenoid cystic carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas are not typically classified as lung cancer.
– The lungs often become a site for secondary tumours after metastasis from other primary cancers, such as breast, pancreas, kidney, or skin.
In summary, understanding the various types of lung cancer is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Different subtypes have distinct characteristics, behaviours, and responses to treatment, highlighting the importance of tailored approaches based on the specific type and characteristics of the cancer.
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<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the notable signs and symptoms of lung cancer?
The symptoms associated with lung cancer can vary, and individuals may not experience noticeable signs until the disease has progressed. Some of the notable signs and symptoms are;
- A persistent and unexplained cough that worsens over time.
- Chest pain can occur and may be felt as a persistent ache or sharp discomfort as a result of the tumour’s impact on the chest wall or nearby structures.
- Difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath can result from the tumour’s interference with the normal functioning of the lungs.
- High-pitched or whistling sound during breathing, as a result of airway obstruction caused by the tumour.
- Hemoptysis, or coughing out blood or blood-stained phlegm, can be a significant and alarming symptom. If often indicates later stages, though patients can cough out blood while in stage 1.
- Generalized fatigue or weakness.
- Unexplained weight loss, due to the body’s response to the cancer and metabolic changes.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the stages of lung cancer?
The treatment for lung cancer is determined based on the stage and grade. The staging process depends on whether the cancer is SCLC or NLCSC.
Small cell lung cancer : Patients suffering from small cell lung cancer or SCLC are categorized under the limited stage or extensive stage.
- Limited stage refers to the condition where the cancer is present only in one lung.
- Extensive stage refers to the condition where the cancer is found in the other lung or chest or pleura (fluid around the lungs) or other regions like the brain.
Non-small-cell lung cancer: Non-small-cell lung cancer, or NSCLC, is staged based on the TNM staging and numbers X, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The cancer staging process focuses on the tumour’s size (T), whether it has invaded the nearby lymph nodes (N) and whether it has metastasized (M) or spread to nearby/distant sites. The various stages are as follows;
- Occult stage of stage X: Also known as hidden cancer, the occult stage does not appear on imaging tests like MRI, but it can be picked up from the mucous coughed by the patient.
- Stage 0: The cancerous tumour is still localized and did not grow deep into the lungs.
- Stage 1: The cancerous tumour is big but not in the lymph nodes.
- Stage 2: the cancerous tumour is big, and it may have spread to lymph nodes that are located close to it.
- Stage 3: The cancerous tumour is found in the middle of the chest, or it has invaded the nearby lymph nodes.
- Stage 4: The cancerous tumour is found in distant sites.
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<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the different grades of lung cancer?
The cancerous cells are graded based on how similar they look when compared to normal cells. There are three grades;
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Grade 1: The cells resemble normal cells and are not growing rapidly.
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Grade 2: The cells look like normal cells and may be growing fast.
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Grade 3: The cells look completely different from normal cells and are growing fast.
It is important to note that SCLC divides and grows rapidly, whereas adenocarcinoma (NSCLC) grows slowly.
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<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">How is lung cancer diagnosed?
A chest X-ray is an imaging test that provides a visual representation of the lungs, heart, airways, blood vessels, bones, and the presence of fluid in and around the lungs. While chest X-rays are valuable for detecting abnormalities, it’s important to note that some cancers may not be visible on X-rays. In such cases, additional testing methods may be necessary for a comprehensive evaluation.
Sputum cytology involves examining cells obtained from the individual’s sputum (mucous and other substances coughed out) under a microscope. This procedure helps identify abnormal cell patterns, including those indicative of malignancies such as lung cancer.
Bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube equipped with a light or video camera is inserted into the lungs through the nose or mouth. This enables healthcare professionals to visually inspect the airways and lung tissues for any abnormalities, tumours, or signs of disease.
CT scans involve taking multiple X-rays from various angles to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body’s interior. CT scans are particularly useful for providing high-resolution images of lung structures and detecting abnormalities, including tumours.
PET scans reveal the metabolic or biochemical activity of tissues or organs. A radioactive tracer is introduced into the body, and the PET scan detects its distribution, highlighting areas with abnormal metabolic activity, such as cancerous growths.
MRI utilizes a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the body’s internal structures. While not as commonly used for lung cancer diagnosis as other methods, MRI can be valuable for assessing certain aspects of lung health.
Needle biopsy involves extracting a tissue sample using a thin needle for laboratory examination. This procedure is often used to confirm the presence of cancer, determine its type, and provide information about its characteristics, helping guide treatment decisions.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What are the various lung cancer treatment methods?
The treatment of lung cancer often involves a combination of different therapeutic modalities tailored to the specific characteristics of the cancer and the individual’s health. Here’s an elaboration on the mentioned treatment methods:
- Surgery: Surgical intervention involves the removal of the tumour, affected tissues, or even a portion of the lung affected by the tumour. It is often considered the most effective treatment method, particularly for early-stage lung cancer, where the tumour is confined to a specific area and has not spread extensively. Depending on the extent of the disease, surgeons may perform procedures such as wedge resection, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy to remove the tumour and surrounding tissues.
- Chemotherapy: It involves the administration of powerful drugs into the body, either orally or intravenously, with the aim of targeting and destroying cancerous cells. A systemic treatment that circulates throughout the body, making it effective against both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SCLC, known for its aggressive proliferation, is particularly responsive to chemotherapy, making it a crucial component of the treatment plan.
- Radiation Therapy: It employs high-energy rays, such as X-rays or protons, to target and destroy cancerous tumours. This treatment is often used to shrink tumours before surgery, as a primary treatment method, or after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells. Radiation therapy is localized and can be precisely directed to the affected area, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
- Targeted Therapy: It is a form of treatment that utilizes drugs designed to specifically target cancer cells while minimising damage to normal cells. Unlike chemotherapy, which affects both cancerous and healthy rapidly dividing cells, targeted therapy is more precise, focusing on specific molecules involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Targeted therapy is particularly relevant in cases where specific genetic mutations or abnormalities are identified in the cancer cells.
Treatment plans for lung cancer are often individualized, considering factors such as the type and stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and the presence of specific genetic mutations. Combinations of these treatment modalities may be used in a multidisciplinary approach to maximize effectiveness and improve outcomes for individuals diagnosed with lung cancer. The choice of treatment is made collaboratively between the patient and a team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, surgeons, and radiation therapists.
What are the different side effects of lung cancer treatment?
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are common treatments for cancer, but they often come with a range of side effects that can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life. Chemotherapy, for example, is known to cause various side effects, including:
- Hair loss
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
Radiation therapy, on the other hand, may cause localized side effects depending on the area being treated:
- Iching
- Redness or rashes
- Breathing difficulty
- Persistent coughing
- Difficulty swallowing
Other potential side effects that may be associated with cancer treatments include:
- Change in bowel habits (due to chemotherapy or radiation therapy)
- Joint pain
- Numbness in the hands and feet
- Unusual pain in any part of the body
- Narrowing of food pipe (due to scarring caused by radiation or surgery)
- Scarring of lung tissue
- Rib fracture caused by medical negligence
- Inflammation of lung tissue ( caused by radiation therapy)
Throughout the treatment process, patients must maintain open contact with their medical team. Individuals may react differently to treatments, and modifications can be made to reduce adverse effects. Complementary therapies and supportive care, for example, may help ease some of the difficulties associated with cancer treatment and enhance general well-being.
What are the different side effects of lung cancer treatment?
Patients who have undergone radical surgeries may find it difficult to breathe. Patients can undergo breathing exercises like pursed lip breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, and other rehabilitation processes.
It’s a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to improve the physical and emotional well-being of individuals affected by lung cancer, particularly those who experience compromised lung function. The rehabilitation process focuses on addressing the respiratory impairments and functional limitations associated with lung cancer.
It focuses on the assessment, treatment, and management of physical impairments and functional limitations related to the respiratory system in lung cancer patients.
Cancer patients and their caregivers go through very challenging periods, and supportive therapy options such as mental health counselling are important.
Treatment methods like chemotherapy and radiation therapy lead to side effects, nausea and vomiting. Intermittent and onco-diet help in coping with these side effects.
Patients with pain and severe nausea can opt for medications to relieve themselves. People with breathing and swallowing difficulties can undergo additional therapies for the same.
<span data-metadata=""><span data-buffer="">What lifestyle changes should people with lung cancer make?
- Quitting smoking is one of the most powerful steps towards a healthy future. It’s not just regular cigarettes; adopting a tobacco-free lifestyle includes giving up e-cigarettes, hookah, and even nicotine patches. Seek counselling and medical treatment to help you accomplish this beneficial shift in your life.
- Moving to a stress-free environment is crucial for lung cancer patients. Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight cancer. Being surrounded by supportive family and friends can provide emotional and mental support, which is equally important in the healing process.
- Exposure to air pollution can exacerbate respiratory issues. Living in an area with clean air minimizes the burden on the lungs and contributes to better respiratory health.
- A nutrient-rich diet is essential for supporting the body’s immune system and overall health. This includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains, providing essential vitamins and minerals necessary for the body’s functioning.
- Cutting down on sugar is vital, as high blood sugar levels have been linked to increased cancer cell growth. Opting for a low-sugar or even a sugar-free diet can help create an environment less favourable for cancer cells to thrive.
- Following doctor’s orders for bed rest is crucial during certain stages of treatment. Adequate rest allows the body to focus on healing and regeneration, supporting the effectiveness of medical interventions.
- Depending on the individual’s condition and the doctor’s recommendations, incorporating mild exercises can be beneficial. This may include activities such as walking or gentle stretching, which can help maintain mobility, improve mood, and boost overall well-being.
- Adhering to the doctor’s instructions is paramount. This includes attending regular check-ups, taking prescribed medications, and following the recommended treatment plan. Clear communication with healthcare providers is essential for monitoring progress and adjusting the treatment as needed.
- Dealing with cancer can take a toll on mental health. Seeking psychological support through counselling, support groups, or other therapeutic methods can provide emotional strength and coping mechanisms.
- Regular health check-ups and monitoring of symptoms are crucial for catching any potential issues early on. This allows for timely adjustments to the treatment plan and lifestyle recommendations.
What are the important follow-up care steps to be taken after lung cancer treatment?
Patients should undergo screening and testing for cancer every 3-6 months. Or based on their doctor’s recommendations. Patients should maintain their healthy lifestyle habits, including a balanced diet, daily exercise, and proper continuous 7-9 hours of sleep.
In conclusion,
Tackling the intricacies of lung cancer necessitates a strong strategy that includes dietary adjustments, psychological fortitude, and medication compliance. In a very fitting words, Stuart Scott said, “You beat cancer by how you live, why you live, and in the manner in which you live.” This emphasises how crucial it is to create a nurturing atmosphere, eat with awareness, value both physical and mental well-being, and work closely with medical professionals. Through the integration of these components, persons diagnosed with lung cancer can develop a lifestyle that not only acknowledges the illness but also honours the fortitude, direction, and resolve that characterise their path.